Amendments Hub
Major constitutional amendments and their impact. Article text reflects the consolidated Constitution.
1st Amendment1951
Freedom of speech restrictions
Land reform and freedom of speech restrictions; Ninth Schedule.
Explore affected articles →42nd Amendment1976
Mini Constitution
Added socialist, secular to Preamble; Fundamental Duties; expanded DPSP.
Explore affected articles →44th Amendment1978
Post-Emergency reforms
Strengthened liberty; Right to Property removed as FR; emergency limits.
Explore affected articles →73rd Amendment1992
Panchayati Raj
Constitutional status to Panchayats; Eleventh Schedule.
Explore affected articles →74th Amendment1992
Urban local bodies
Constitutional status to Municipalities; Twelfth Schedule.
Explore affected articles →86th Amendment2002
Right to Education
Article 21A — free and compulsory education for children 6–14.
Explore affected articles →101st Amendment2016
GST
Goods and Services Tax constitutional framework.
Explore affected articles →103rd Amendment2019
EWS reservation
10% reservation for economically weaker sections.
Explore affected articles →106th Amendment2023
Women's reservation
Reservation of seats for women in Lok Sabha and State legislatures.
Explore affected articles →